The First Known Dentist Was a Neanderthal

Russian archaeologists have discovered evidence of sophisticated dental procedures that took place nearly sixty thousand years ago. The findings, published in a recent study led by scientists at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg, suggest that Neanderthals practised dental work far earlier than anyone had previously imagined.

The team analysed a molar from a Neanderthal — found in Chagyrskaya Cave in Russia, with a deep hole in its centre. The archaeologists used a technique called X-ray microtomography to examine the tooth in extraordinary detail. They found that the tooth had microscopic grooves on its surface that did not occur naturally. Then they conducted a series of experiments on modern human teeth in which they tried to replicate the same holes and markings.

The replication experiments demonstrated the technical sophistication of the procedure. The drilling went deep into the tooth to remove decayed tissue. "Keep in mind we could not fully recreate the actual conditions," said Dr Kseniya Kolobova, the senior author of the study. "In real life, the tooth was in the mouth, and inflammation and swelling would have created additional difficulties."

The discovery pushes back the earliest known evidence of dentistry by more than forty thousand years. It joins a growing body of research suggesting that Neanderthals were far more capable, sophisticated, and resourceful than the popular image of "cavemen" allows.

Molar — large tooth at the back of the mouth. Dental procedure — medical work performed on teeth. Microtomography — imaging technique using X-rays. Decay — gradual destruction of tooth tissue. Inflammation — swelling caused by infection. Sophistication — high level of skill or complexity.

Why do we tend to underestimate the intelligence of our ancient ancestors? What does this discovery tell us about Neanderthal culture and capability?